Planning for Radio Trailer & Print Advert

Print Advert

This was a rough drawing of the plan for the print advert. This shows an image of a person with a piercing, The title 'Skin Deep', The slogan Beauty or Beast? and the channel 4 logo and date.

This was an updated plan of the print advert as our ideas changed. This shows an image of 4 faces they are split to make a montage of the faces put together as a full face, on this image is a:

Forehead,

Eyes and Eyebrows (With piercings),

A nose, and

A mouth - pulling tongues to reveal a tounge piercing.

Radio Trailer

The planning for this section involved going through out documentary and pulling out parts we wanted to use in the trailer, we then wrote out a script as a voiceover to the radio trailer - which was done using the same person who spoke for the voiceover of the documentary.

Clips from the documentary
(Clips from documentary)
‘Very very ugly’
‘I don’t like it’
‘Strange, very very weird’
‘Funky’

Voice Over Script
Over the years views on Piercings and Tattoos have changed, from being used to represent anything from crime to wealth and status, to now where they can be seen as fashionable or in the extreme form…
During this documentary we explore the lives of people world known for there full body tattoos or piercings, seeing how people react and why they felt the need to be so extreme in there body modification. Why does anyone feel the need to get a tattoo or piercing?

The pictures we took for the print advert (not all of them were used due to either lighting, movement whilst the image was getting taken or because we had better images)

Codes & Conventions of Print Advert

• Strong image (only 1 image is used)
• Words kept to a minimum
• Scheduling information
• Channel logo not name (this is made to stand out and is usually at the right hand side of the advert – this is done so it stands out when someone is looking through a magazine or newspaper)
• Mostly landscape

Codes & Conventions of a Radio Trailer

• Title and scheduling – channel name, day and time – usually comes at the end – channel name comes last, this is done on purpose so it is the last thing the audience hears so they remember it.
• MUSIC BED – music track underneath everything.
• Extracts from the programme.
- Snippets of interviews.
- Key element is actuality footage.
• Voiceover.
- Outlines the narrative.
- Sometimes poses the questions that are addressed in the programme
- Is sometimes used to tease the audience (Gives some information, but not everything).
- Appropriate to the programme.

Editing

These screenshots are showing the editing stages of the production of the documentary.

Importing Images

This is a screenshot showing the importing the images for the montages in the documentary.
























Importing Music

This is a screenshot showing the importing the music for the montages in the documentary.























Adding Transitions to the Images

After importing images on to the timeline for the documentary, I added transitions to the images to make them flow better. I used cross disolve and zoom for the images for the montage at the beginning of the documentary and the montage of images for the history of tattoos and piercings.

Zoom



These are a screen shots showing the zoom transistions I used on the montage at the beginning of the documentary.






















































Cross Dissolve

This is a screenshot showing the crossfade transition I used on the images in the montage of pictures for the history of tattoos and piercings.

The title

This shows the title for the documentary.

Importing The Voice Over

This screenshot shows the importing of the voice over.

Voice Over Script

Voice Over Script for Documentary:

This will be said over the 'History of Tattoos' section over a montage of images.

In the last few years tattoos have become the latest must have fashion accessory making them seem like a modern phenomenon, but this is not the case, tattooing has been round long before the time of Christ. The first real record of tattooing comes from ancient Egyptian wall paintings showing people baring tattoos, this fashion soon travelled around the world. Tattooing has been used for many different purposes and not just for body art; Romans used tattoos to brand criminals and slaves. The Japanese also marked their convicts. A single line on the forehead represented a first-time offender. Two lines marked a repeat offender and three lines spelled ‘dog’. Tattoos faded off the scene for 400 years, between 1200 and1600. When the British explorers returned from voyages with completely tattooed natives, in the late 1600’s and 1700’s the tattoos caused a sensation in London. Samuel O’Reilly patented the first electric tattooing machine. Ironically, for a practice that for a large part of its history has had negative social connotations, it has now become a must have fashion accessory.


This will be said over the 'History of Piercings' section over a montage of images.

In recent times body piercing has been closely linked to fashion trends, although the history of piercing can be traced back to the ancient times when the primitive tribes and clans practiced this unique art of body modification. Body piercing has existed since the time immemorial and the practice is believed to be over thousands of years old. The Egyptians were fond of embellishing themselves, however the pharaoh was the only person able to get his naval pierced. Anyone found guilty of attempting to acquire a belly button piercing could face the death penalty. Romans practiced the art of body piercing specific aims in view. Roman centurions pierced their nipples, not for its appeal, but to indicate their vigour and potency. The Aztec and Maya were known for their skills as great warriors and they indulged in septum piercing so that they seemed more ferocious to their enemies.


These will be said to introduce the 2 Voxpop's in the documentary

Elaine Davidson, in the Guinness World Record book she is acknowledged as being the worlds most pierced women. We asked people what they thought about her.

Erik Sprague aka the lizard man, he is known as this due to his full body tattoos and fork tongue used to make him look like a lizard. We asked people what they thought about him and Tom Woodbridge aka the leopard man or Tom Leppard, known for having tattoos replicating the skin of a leopard. We asked people what they thought about him.

Voice Over Script for Radio Advert:

Over the years views on Piercings and Tattoos have changed, from being used to represent anything from crime to wealth and status, to now where they can be seen as fashionable or in the extreme form…
(Clips from documentary)
‘Very very ugly’
‘I don’t like it’
‘Strange, very very weird’
‘Funky’
During this documentary we explore the lives of people world known for there full body tattoos or piercings, seeing how people react and why they felt the need to be so extreme in there body modification. Why does anyone feel the need to get a tattoo or piercing?

Filming

I have been involved with the filming process of our documentary.
Firstly for our documentary we had to film images of people’s tattoo’s and piercings for a montage that would be shown at the beginning of our documentary, this involved taking handheld extreme close-up’s of people’s tattoos and piercings. I filmed approximately 10 of these images for the montage. By doing this filming with a handheld camera, my handheld camera work improved significantly as I had to ensure that the framing was correct and I did not move the camera so that the image was on screen correctly, doing this also improved my framing work.
Secondly, I filmed still images for the sections ‘Tattoo History’ and ‘Piercing History’, this involved panning and zooming so that they looked interesting rather than just still images on screen. Some of the images from this work we we’re unable to us as the camera moved or the image was not framed correctly, so we had to re-film some of the images, which helped improve our skills and ensure that the images looked professional for use in our documentary.
I also played a part in the filming of our Voxpop, the first time we went out to do the Voxpop I was filming whilst the other person in my group was asking people if they were willing to take part and voice their opinions on camera, although some of the filming was unusable due to background noise or other sound issues or just down to what the people had said so we went out a second time to do more filming for this part of the documentary. The second time we went out I was asking people the questions and the other person in my group was in control of the camera work, although on both occasions we both helped each other out with the camera work and framing.
Finally, I filmed an interview with Josh Gilroy, doing this helped me as I had to use not only the camera, but also a tripod and microphone. I had to set up the camera in the correct position, ensure the framing was correct, so that the eye line was 1/3 of the way up the screen and check the interviewee was to one side of the screen and do sound checks with the microphone to ensure that all sound would be picked up.

Running Order - First 5 Minutes

Documentary: Skin Deep
Channel: Channel 4
Scheduling: Wednesday 9pm
Duration: 24 minutes (including advert breaks)

First 5mins

30secs - A Montage of people’s tattoos & piercing, these will be shot in extreme close up.
20secs - Opening Titles, this will be the words 'SKIN DEEP' being wrote on a persons stomach. Each letter will be shown coming onto the screen separately and will end with the full title being shown on the stimch.
15secs - Voice over: ‘What do you think about them?’ - This voice over will be asking the audience what they think about tattoos & piercings whilst images will be shown of tattoos and piercings. The voice over will also introduce the topic and related information to results of the questionnaire we did and explaining the answers.
30secs - Tattoo history - The history of tattoo's will be heard on a vioce over whilst images from tattoos through history will be shown on screen. The images being shown will relate to what the voice over is saying at the time.
1min 30 secs - Tattoo getting done & interview with tattoo artist
30secs - History of piercing - The history of piercings will be heard on a voice over whilst images of piercings throughout history will be shown on screen. The images will relate to what is being said by the voice over at the time.
35secs - Interview with Josh Gilroy - We will be interviewing Josh Gilroy as he has lots of piercings on his face, this will be getting the point of view from someone who has piercings.
1min - Voxpop showing images of leopard man, lizard man & Elaine Davidson (Peoples Reactions)

Formal Proposal

Topic
Tattoos and Piercings

Type of Documentary
Mixed

Style of Documentary
Informal
Entertaining
Informative

Channel and Scheduling
9pm Wednesday, Channel 4

Target Audience
18 to 35

Primary Research Needed
Getting Images of extremely tattooed and pierced people
Questionnaire
Finding people to interview
Finding locations for filming
Props
Creating the Mise-en-scene

Secondary Research Needed
Extracts from Films & TV programmes
Images
Music
Relevant Documents (magazines, books etc.)

Narrative Structure
Open
Multi-strand
Non Linear
Circular

Outline of Content
Voxpop
People getting tattoos done
Interviews with:
- Elaine Davidson
- Steve-O
- Miami Ink cast
- Tattoo Artists
- People with tattoos (public)
- Lizard man
Archive Material

Resource Requirements
DV Camera
Tripod
Adobe Premier
Images for Voxpop
Microphone
Photoshop for Title

Decision for documentary and content ideas

We have decided to do a documentary about Tattoo’s and Piercings

Tattoo's

This is a brainstorm of the ideas for the content of our documentary

















Reasons
- Addictions
- Star Sign's
- Social Group's
- Art
- Relative's
- Football Team
- Symbolic
- Religion
- Partner

Ways
- Needle
- Indian Ink

Celebrities
- David Beckham
- Lizard Man
- Steve-o
- Dirty Sanchez

Getting It Done
- Tattoo Artists
- Like The Feeling
- Addicted
- Go back to complete a tattoo

Hennas
- Don’t want permanent tattoo
- Cost - Cheaper
- Don’t want the pain of getting a real tattoo
- Try it out before getting a real one.

Documentary Ideas

This is a brainstorm I compiled with ideas for the topic of the documentary


This is a complete list of the ideas on the brainstorm:

• Friends
• Models
• Animals
• Skateboarding
• NHS
• Drawing
• Brushing Teeth
• Dancing
• Rollercoasters
• School
• Hobnob
• Trampolining
• Make-up
• Sport
• Gig's
• Wok
• Money
• Colours
• Wallet
• Fighting
• Cooking
• XBox
• Cars
• English
• Shoes
• Maths
• Technology
• Space
• Astronomy
• Extensions
• Choirs
• Butterflies
• Death
• Comedy
• Alcoholism
• Eyelashes
• Wii
• Pink
• Media
• Teaching
• Laptop
• TV
• Alcohol
• Christmas
• Sexism
• Fashion
• Nature
• Food
• Fake Tan
• Teenagers
• Music
• Waffles
• Computers
• Football
• Peircings
• Bluetooth
• Anorexia
• Film
• Celebrities
• Diets
• Comedians
• Americans
• Abroad
• Army
• Fudge
• Immigrants
• Dinosaurs
• Lifestyle
• Tattoos
• Architecture
• Science
• Surrealism
• Cannabis
• Drugs
• Drinking
• Mobile Phones
• Sleep
• Bages
• Darkness
• Shopping
• Games
• Liverpool
• Holidays
• Discrimination
• Racism
• Writing
• Education
• Nail Varnish
• Facebook
• Culture
• YouTube
• Cheese
• Hair
• Love
• Nurses
• Chocolate
• Entertainment
• Stars
• Jewellery
• Anime
• Halloween
• Party Popper
• Paint
• Social Groups
• Art
• Travel
• Globe

Questionnaire Results & Analysis

Questionnaire

Q1) Are you:
 Male
 Female

Q2) How old are you?
 15 – 19
 20 – 24
 25 – 29
 30 – 34
 35+

Q3) Name three favourite colours:
___________________
___________________
___________________

Tattoos

Q4) Do you have any tattoos?
 Yes
 No

Q5) If yes to question four, what is it and why did you pick it? E.g. Celebrity, symbolism, religion etc.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q6) If no to question four, would you ever consider having a tattoo?
 Yes
 No
 Maybe

Q7) What are your views on people with numerous tattoos?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q8) Name three celebrities that you associate with tattoos
___________________
___________________
___________________


Piercings

Q9) Do you have any piercings?
 Yes
 No

Q10) If yes to question 9, where is it and why did you get it?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q11) If no to question 9, would you ever get a piercing?
 Yes
 No

Q12) What are your views on people with numerous piercings?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q13) Name three celebrities that you associate with piercings
___________________
___________________
_____________________

Q14) Please add any additional comments you would like to add about tattoos and piercings
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thank you for filling out our questionnaire 

TV Scheduling

The schedule for each day can be broken down into clear segments. How would you categorise these schedules?

Breakfast

Daytime

Children's Programmes

Peak Time

Post Water

Who are the target audience for these segments?

Breakfast - Differs acording to the channel.

Daytime - Housewives, elderly, unemployed, students.

Children's Programmes - Children.

Peak Time - Families, Mass audiences. This is shown between 7-10pm and is the most important time of the day.

Post Watershed - Adults.

What would you say are the most popular genres on television?

Soaps are the most popular e.g. Eastenders, Emmerdale, Hollyoaks.

Sit-coms e.g. Friends, Skins.

Reality T.V e.g. X-factor, Big Brother, I'm a celebrity get me out of here.

Game Shows e.g. The Cube, Deal or No Deal.

Cookery Programmes e.g. Ready Steady Cook, Come dine with me.

Football - one off's, not sport in general - football matches.

Who is the target audience of each terrestrial channel?

BBC1 - Everyone - We have to pay the license fee for it so everyone must be catered for at some time in the day.

BBC2 - Minority Audiences, although, it has become more popular.

ITV1 - Everyone (but this channel is not as good as BBC1 as it has no specific kids programmes, however, it does have programmes that chidlren can watch.)

FIVE - Everyone

Channel 4 - Everyone

Roughly, what percentage of each channel's schedule is taken up with repeats? Why do you think this is?

BBC1 and ITV1 10% - have hardly any repeats, they have large audiences so they can afford to produce more programmes to fill up the schedule rather than repeating previously shown programmes.

BBC2 - 30-40% - they do not have the money to be able to produce more shows therfore they must use up the schedule with repeats from previously shown programmes.

FIVE - 40% - they do not have large audiences therfore they don not get the funding they need to make more programmes so they have to take up the schedule with repeats.

Channel 4- 30% - they do not have a large audience so they do not get enough money in order to produce more programmes so they have to take up the rest of the schedule with repeats.

Which channels have more imported programmes in their schedule?

BBC2, Channel 4 and FIVE all have mainly imported programmes in their schedule as it is cheaper to import new programmes rather than paying to make them whereas BBC1 and ITV1 can afford to make their own programmes so they dont have to import them.

What do you understand about the term 'The Watershed' and where does this occur in the schedule?

The term 'The Watershed' is a term used to describe programmes that will be starting from 9 o'clock onwards that are intended for adults only.

Documentary Analysis 4 and 5 - My Shocking Story & 911 Falling Man

Title of Programme:

My Shocking Story

Type of Documentary:

Mixed - Interviews, Actuality Footage, Archive Material.

Themes:

Obesity and the problems it can cause in later life. (Americans).

Narrative Structure:

Single Strand - The documentary is about one topic - obesity in children. Closed narrative - All the loose ends are tied up at the end of the documentary, the audience wern't left asking any questions, all answers were given.

Camera Work:

Interviews were filmed to either the left or right hand side of the screen and were shot in Close-up or Medium Close-up. Over the shoulder shots were used throughout the documentary. Point of view shot over the state of Texas, America. Fast motion is used as children walk past.

Mise-en-scene:

CHROMAKEY - Blue or green screen used as the backdrop for some of the interviews. Eyeline of the interviews was approximately 1/3 of the way up the screen. The boy Dexter has a very boyish bedroom; blue walls, football posters etc.

Sound:

Voiceover - the narrator of the programme is male, old and speaks satndard English. No clear accent, he is used as the glue to hold the narrative together - he is used to tell the story and anchor the meaning. Relaxing, soothing music is used in the background. A train is heard going past at one point in the documentary.

Editing:

Cut and cross cutting were the main editing used in this documentary, they used simple editing to keep the audiences attention on the story rather than them being distracted by too much fancy editing.

Archive Material:

Canteen
Library
Fat Acadamy

Graphics:

Graphics used to anchor who the people being interviewed were and their relevance to the topic. The text was always on the opposite side of the screen than the interviewee. The font and colour were plain (white) to prevent to much focus on them.

Title of Programme

911 Falling Man

Type of Documentary

Mixed - Interviews, Actuality Footage, Archive Material

Themes

Power of the media/images, Media Controversy, Symbolism, Death, Fear and Personal reactions towards media.

Narrative Structure

Single Strand - The documentary is about one topic - obesity in children. Closed narrative - All the loose ends are tied up at the end of the documentary, the audience wern't left asking any questions, all answers were given. It is also non-linear and closed.


Camerawork

Interviews are filmed with the interviewee to either the left or right hand side of the screen and they are in medium close up or close up, handheld camerawork is used for the archive material, Panning is not used on some of the images as it is not needed this is when the pictures are interesting and stand out the the audience already, although on some of the less interesting pictures panning, tracking and zooming is used.

Mise-en-scene

The lighting in interviews is good as they are all well lit.

Sound

The narrator is male and sounds to be middle aged, he speaks in standard english and has a sympathetic sounding voice. Music is used in the background to anchor emotions

• Music to anchor emotions
• Radio/news broadcasts over footage
• Walky talky recordings from firemen

Editing

• Cut
• Fade to black
• Blur

Archive Material

News broadcasts
• Photographs
• Video footage of towers

Graphics

• Name & relevance of person getting interviewed on opposite side of screen to the person
• Title of documentary, Simple, white font with black background

Documentary Analysis 3 - That Thing / Lara Croft

Title of programme:

That thing / Lara Croft

Type of documentary:

Mixed - Interviews, Actuality footage, Archive material.

Themes:

Icons, feminism, Power of the media, the representation of women.

Narrative Structure:

Single strand, Closed narrative, Non-Linear – It plays about with time; it is not in chronological order.

Camera Work:

Interviews were filmed either to the left or right hand side of the screen and shot in close up or medium close up, the interviewee’s eye line is approximately 1/3 of the way up the screen. Zoom/Pans across people on computers. Tilted framing is also used along with a big close up. Medium close ups are used regularly throughout the documentary.

Mise-en-scene:

CHROMAKEY – Blue or green screen used as the backdrop for the interviews. A lot of the chromakey, the background was out of focus to draw the audiences attention to what was in focus – The person being interviewed. All the interviews are done with good lighting – the room is well lit on all interviews. Font projection – the projector is over the woman’s face who is being interviewed. The creator of Lara Croft is treated like a computerised character.

Sound:

Voice over – Male – Standard English – Young. A young person is used because the topic is a game, which appeals to a younger audience. A relaxed approach is used by the man doing the voice over. Music and sound effects from the game were used throughout the documentary. The music used in the documentary signifies that the target audience of the documentary is younger people.

Editing:

Simple cutting is used to avoid distracting the attention of the audience from what is happening on screen. Fast motion is used in the documentary.

Archive Material:

Websites
Extracts from the game
Emails
Nike Advert
Interview with Angelina (who plays Lara Croft in the film)

Graphics:

Text is always on the opposite side of the screen than the person. The top line of text is always bigger than the bottom line of text; this draws emphasis on the persons name rather than their occupation. Capital letters are not used.

Documentary Analysis 2 - Music Biz - The Marketing Of Meatloaf

Title of programme:

Music Biz – The marketing of Meatloaf

Type of documentary:

Mixed - Interviews, Actuality footage, Archive material.

Themes:

Marketing the music industry. Image creation – The way Meatloaf’s image is created. Manipulation of audiences / power of the media – The media can manipulate the audience into buying CD’s, gig tickets etc.

Narrative Structure:

Non-Linear, single strand, Closed narrative, Circular – starts with a press conference and ends with a press conference.

Camera Work:

Low angle. Interviews were filmed either to the left or right hand side of the screen and shot in close up or medium close up. In one interview the man who is being interviewed is being filmed on his side, just to the side of his head – this creates a barrier because there is no eye contact and feels strange because there is no eye contact and it breaks codes and conventions. Handheld when filming actuality footage / music video and press conference. Camera positions us (the audience) as observers. TV crews in press conference, point of view shot in the betting shop. Panning/Zoom used for still images, makes it more interesting. Still images of Chart listing, CD, images, magazines, NME magazine. At least 4 different interviews with Meatloaf with different locations.

Mise-en-scene:

CHROMAKEY – Blue or green screen used as the backdrop for the interviews. This is used as background – e.g. weather forecasting. The background can be relevant to what is being spoken about. The backgrounds of interviews are always relevant to the person speaking or what is being spoken about.

Sound:

Voice over – Male – Standard English – holds the narrative together, he was very sarcastic and opinionated (not a conventional voice over to be used in a documentary) Meatloaf music is used at various times throughout the programme. A sound effect of a heart beat is used to heighten tension. Classic and string music is used to build up suspense. The background sound is completely silent during interviews in the documentary. All questions are edited out, we cannot hear the questions being asked, we just hear the interviewee giving an answer.

Editing:

Cut and cross cutting were the main editing used in this documentary, they used simple cuts so the audience could keep focus on the story and not get distracted by fancy editing. Dissolve is used when there is an image then another one appears from behind the dissolving image. Spin effect. Montage, two different, during an American TV show and when Meatloaf was asked what exactly ‘he wouldn’t do for love’ by several people in the documentary. Fast motion is used to show people walking past HMV at night; the people are seen going past very fast. Slow motion is also used when Meatloaf is walking into a building.

Archive Material:

Top of the pops
Chat shows
Music Videos
Grammy Awards
News Programme
Newspaper
Website

Graphics:

Logo for the title of the series ‘The Biz’ and then the name etc. Graphics anchored who the people were and their relevance to the topic. Graphics were superimposed over the images. Title scrolled across the screen at the end of the images. Title scrolled across the screen at the end of the programme. Not conventional title, it normally shoots up the screen.

Documentary Analysis 1 - The Devil Made Me Do It

Title of programme:

The devil made me do it

Type of documentary:

Mixed - Interviews, Actuality footage, Archive material.

Themes:

Religion, Youth culture, the power of the media – Did Mansen’s music and videos influence the behaviour of teenagers? Good vs. Evil, (BINARY OPPOSITION, Levi Strauss).

Narrative Structure:

Open – The question about Mansen is not answered.
Single Strand – Murder, the documentary is about that one topic.
Non Linear – It plays about with time, it is not in chronological order.

Camera Work:

The camera observes over media, the audience is an observer. Interviews – Close ups or medium close ups and filmed to either the left or right side hand of the screen. Mansen’s interview is filmed in low angle; it is the only interview that is filmed in low angle, to show his power, compared to everyone else. The lighting is done so that half his face is lit and half is in darkness, this is symbolic to his character, Good vs. Evil, although the question is still not answered. Is he good or is he evil? Shots of Jesus on the cross or pictures of him were all filmed in low angle to show him as a powerful figure. Long shots of deserted streets, high angles and slow pans. Various shots of religious iconography – angels, Jesus etc. Hand held camera work is used on the actuality footage throughout the documentary so the camera can respond to the action that will be happening. Keeps the same framing. At the Mansen gig the camera is in the audience. Camera tracks forwards and backwards, pan, track, high angle, low angle, zoom, creative camera work is used to create the documentary.

Mise-en-scene:

The Mise-en-scene at the interview shows the persons personality. Teenagers in the bar and in the bedroom. The chief of police is cat at his desk with his cap in front of him; this stands out to show his badge, this anchors his occupation and his relevance to the story. Religious iconography is used a lot. The contrast between the teenagers in the streets and the cars speeding down the road and the quiet streets, it’s the same town yet the contrast is very distinctive. Mansen goes into McDonalds, this shows he is a hypocrite as he is anticaptavist and McDonalds is a captavist place. He is a character, he does not believe in what he says in his music, he does it to get the fans. Days and Weeks of footage were filmed and this clip was used to show him being a hypocrite.

Sound:

Music – Religious, choral music is used; choir singing is used to show the religious connotations. Sound effects e.g. Heartbeat, whispering and church bells are used throughout the documentary. Voice over – the narrator of the programme is male. Young and speaks standard English, he has no clear accent although a slight Scottish accent is apparent, he is used as the glue to hold the whole narrative together, he is used to tell the story and anchor the meaning. Other voice over’s translating the Italian into English, each voice used for translation reflects the gender and age of the Italian person. They had Italian accents, not in standard English; they conveyed that the people were Italian.

Editing:

Cut and cross cutting were the main editing used in this documentary, they used simple cuts so the audience could keep focus on the story and not get distracted by fancy editing. Fade to black and fade from black were used to show the pass of time or the end of one section of the documentary. Montage was used at the beginning of the documentary to tease the audience.

Archive Material:

Mansen
Italian TV talk show
American Colanbyne
Newspaper cutting

Codes and Conventions of the documentary genre

Narrative Structure
• Open, Closed and Circular Narrative are used to provoke interest or debate on the topic.
• Linear or non linear.
• Single Strand is used to inform and entertain, if a multistrand is used it could confuse the audience as documentaries are usually on one topic or issue.

Camera Work
• Framing to the left or right side of the screen when filming an interview.
• Eye line is one third (1/3) of the way up the screen on interviewees.
• Medium close up or close up is used during interviews.
• Handheld for actuality footage so the person with the camera can react to action and what is going on around them.
• Variety of shot types and camera movement is used, to sustain the audience’s interest.
• Pan/zoom are used on still images, not very often you get a shot of a still photograph.

Mise-en-scene
• The background behind interviews This can either be:
- Chromakey
- Location
- Backdrop
• Anchors the audience to the subject matter or shows the purpose of the person being interviewed.
• Lighting can be used creatively on interviews.

Sound
• Voice over (the narrator) is in Standard English.
• The narration is the glue that holds the narrative together; it sets the scene or introduces the topic and the beginning, links items or concludes the narrative.
• The age and gender of the narrator is usually relative to the target audience or the subject matter.
• Juxtaposition can be used when the narrator doesn’t relate to the subject matter or the target audience e.g. ‘ A males show has a female narrator’
• Celebrities can sometimes be the narrator.
• Music as a bed (a music bed) can be used, this is background music is used, images and speech is used on top of it, the music must be relevant to the topic.
• The music or bed is used to heighten the emotion.
• All questions are edited out (the audience doesn’t hear them).
• Background noise/sound on interviews is kept to a minimum.
• Sound effects are used in reconstructions, not used on interviews as this could offer a false picture.

Editing
• Cut is the most common edit.
• Editing is unnoticeable so the audience’s attention is kept on the subject matter and what is happening on screen rather than the editing.
• Dissolve is also used as this is reasonably unnoticeable.
• Editing effects are kept to a minimum e.g. slow motion.
• All questions are edited out.
• Fade to and from black are used.
• Montage can be used at the beginning of the documentary to give the audience a flavour of what the documentary is about.
• Montage on a topic, different clips from interviews or archive material to emphasise a point.

Archive Material
• Film extracts
• Videos
• TV
• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Audio
• Websites
• Still images
• All relevant to what is being talked about and relevant to the subject matter behind the documentary

Graphics
• Title is unique in someway to make it stand out.
• Logo is unique.
• The name and the relevance to the topic anchors who the interviews are.
• The name is in a larger size than the occupation of the person being interviewed.
• Simple colour and typo graphics are used.
• Credits scroll up at the end and include a tribute to all archive material.
• Superimposed over archive material.
• To anchor a period of time.
• Subtitles are used where necessary.

Construction of Reality

• A construction of reality means that it is constructed for the audience.
• Gate keeping is a term that refers to the selection and rejection of information. Make decisions of what goes in the documentary > Select what you want to use. Play around with time and reorder the clips.

Different types of narrative structure:
There are six main types of narrative structure used when making a documentary:

Open
There are loose ends and questions are left unanswered. The audience is left to make up their own mind.

Closed
All loose ends are tied up. No questions are remaining in the mind of the audience.

Single Strand
One narrative running throughout the documentary.

Multi Strand
More than one narrative running throughout, they sometimes cross over or converge.

Linear
Follows chronological order. Events follow the order of time i.e. things happen in order.

Non Linear
Doesn’t follow time e.g. flashbacks can be used and flash forwards.

Circular Narrative
Is usually a documentary that begins with a question and throughout the programme you get evidence which could answer the question. There are normally two sides to the answer. At the end of the documentary it goes back to the question (in a circle) Start and end point is the same.

Documentaries

Purpose of documentaries
To document i.e. report with evidence something that has actually happened. It can show this by using actuality footage (actual footage from the thing that happened) or reconstructions. Mediated information – fact put across in a particular was. The main purpose of a documentary is to inform the audience.

Types of documentary

Six main types

Fully narrated
Natural history documentaries an off screen voice-over is used to narrate the programme. It makes sense of the visuals and anchors their meaning. The voiceover links everything together to create the narrative.

Fly on the wall
E.g. Katie and peter documentaries. An origin is in cinema verité. The camera is unobtrusive and filming (observing) real life. The most honest type of documentaries, people could amend the way they act – is it really honest?

Mixed
A combination of interview, observation and narration to advance the narrative.

Self reflexive
When the subjects of the documentary acknowledge the presence of the camera and often speak directly to the film maker.

Docudrama / Drama Documentary
Re-enactment or reconstruction of events as they are supposed to have happened.

Docusoap / Documentary / Soap Opera
E.g. Road wars or easy jet. Recent phenomenon. Follows a group of people, follows their daily lives and are like characters that are in each episode. Become household names.